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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects the airways of the lungs, causing them to swell (inflammation), narrow (obstruction), and become sensitive in response to certain stimuli. Asthma is characterized by periods of wellness (no asthma symptoms) and episodes of exacerbations. The primary symptoms of asthma exacerbations are wheezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, and increased mucus production. In infants and small children, the most common cause of exacerbations is respiratory infections. Episodes of asthma can also be triggered by allergens, or things that cause allergic reactions. Some common examples of allergens are animal dander, dust mites, pollens, and molds. In addition, the symptoms of asthma can be aggravated by direct irritants, such as smoke, pollution, cold air, and aerosol sprays.
The lungs consist of airways (bronchi) and air sacs (alveoli). The bronchi carry fresh air (oxygen) into the lungs to the alveoli and carbon dioxide out of the lungs. The alveoli exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide in the blood. The airways are encircled by tiny bands of muscle. These muscles tighten (bronchospasm) in response to dirty, smoky, or polluted air that gets into the lungs causing the person to cough and expel the pollutants. This is a normal and healthy response. However, in people with asthma, the lungs react with inflammation, mucus production, and bronchospasm in response to allergens and infections. In children with asthma, excessive mucus production is also very common and along with inflammation cause further airway obstruction.
Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children. It can seem overwhelming to have your child diagnosed with asthma but with education, diligence, and proper medical care, asthma is a manageable condition. Poorly managed asthma may affect growth and development and may lead to decreased lung function as an adult.
How is asthma diagnosed?
The diagnosis of asthma in most cases can be made with a thorough history and physical. Depending on your child’s age, pulmonary function testing can be done. Other tests that may be required are chest x-ray, allergy tests, blood tests, and a sweat test.
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